The experiments were carried out on the muscle spindle (MS) that located onto the soleus muscle (SM) in the anaesthetized rats. After applying a mechanical slow stretch (SS) on the SM, the MS wasn't influenced by this stimulant and it was in a slack status. On the other hand, the MS has showed a dysfunction. The slack status of MS, it means, without electro-mechanical activity for MS that was observed in isolating MS. And this slack status of MS also was occurred by insufficient of γ-motor stimulation. With using the passive stimulating vibration on the MS-SM, again, the slack status of MS was observed. Of course, in this experiment, before that the MS was made up with passive vibration, firstly, the activation of MS was clearly observed by gs-activity. On contrary of the positive effect of  gs into MS, there wasn't a positive effect with gd-activity into MS. But, it's stated that, there was the resting discharge (RD) in the MS during slack status and the RD scale has been significantly acceptable. The MS-RD was created with both of the SS and especially by γs stimulation, though not with gd stimulation.However, it was concluded that, the changing of MS-activity could be caused with the changing length of SK.M. In this process, the MS respond was pertinent to gs-activity. Meanwhile, the activation of γs was followed by activity of MS- chain- afferent. It's seemed that, in this loop of nervo-muscular wasn't any place for activating of MS-bag fiber.

2In this article, The natural frequency of the system was calculated based on the location of the height and lateral location of the spindle, and by changing the structure of the structure, the best form was introduced to reduce unwanted vibrations. The natural frequency is in the range of 28-48, which is much lower than the frequency of the motor or the spindle, it can be confidently stated that the phenomenon of resonance will not occur. Based on the shape of the extracted modes corresponding to the first six natural frequencies of the system, considering both aluminum and steel for the structure of the device, it has been investigated. The simulation results showed that changing the position of the spindle in the direction of height does not have significant changes on the natural frequency of the structure and the shape of the modes corresponding to them. In changing the lateral position of the spindle in the sixth mode, it was observed that the natural frequency corresponding to when the spindle is located on both sides of the structure is 25% higher than when the spindle is located in the middle of the work table. It was also found from this analysis that the frequency range mentioned in the previous part (48-28 Hz) has changed to 63-28 Hz.

Air spindles are one of the main elements of precise machine tools.Vibration of these spindles is one of the vital issues necessary for investigation.Among parameters which influence air spindle vibrations are rotational speed, compression air method, input nozzle diameter, air gap pressure. In this study using ANSYS, the effects of air gap thickness on air spindle vibrations have been investigated. In this simulation the air gap is modeled by numbers of linear springs. Then the effect of air gap thickness on air spindle vibrations has been investigated. Rotor externally rotates around stator. Simulation results indicate that for static and transient analysis the values of radial displacements of rotor reduce by decreasing spring length (i.e. rotor and stator gap), and its minimum value are equal to 3.634 mm and 15.6 nm, respectively. Because of constant spring stiffness, in modal and harmonic analysis, results for different spring length have no variation and are equal to 1.053 mm and 23.7 nm, respectively.

Introduction: Submandibular region is surgically significant in the head and neck field and a mass in this region may have multiple differential diagnoses. Case Report: An elderly man came with a single 4×2. 5 cm swelling in the neck on the right side, just below the lower jaw, since one month. Ultrasound showed an irregular heterogeneous hypoechoic lesion in the right submandibular space measuring 37×23 mm with mild internal vascularity. The submandibular gland appeared separate but compressed. Fine needle aspiration was suggestive of spindle cell neoplasm. The swelling was excised under general anesthesia. By histopathological examination, the lesion was diagnosed as anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) based on focal immunoreactivity with cyclin D1. The patient then received radiotherapy 60 Gray divided into 30 fractions over 6 weeks. The case had no evidence of recurrence or residual disease six months post-surgery. Conclusion: Tumefactive spindle-cell lesion in the head and neck can comprise inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant neoplasms or borderline neoplasms, such as nodular fasciitis and IMT. The definitive histologic diagnosis of IMT helps in tailoring the treatment modality based on its locally aggressive biologic potential.

Spindle cell hemangioma (SCH), formerly called “spindle cell hemangioendothelioma”, is a rare benign histological variant of hemangioma characterized by the presence of two contrast zones, the first zone exhibits large dilated cavernous space with slit-like vascular spaces may show clear endothelial vacuoles resembling fat cells. SCH is often considered as pseudosarcomatous entity; it imposes a diagnostic challenge for oral pathologists due to its resemblance with Kaposi sarcoma. A total of 13 cases of SCH have been reported in the head and neck region to date and only 6 cases have been reported inside the oral cavity. We present a rare case of SCH located on the hard palate, which imitated Kaposi's sarcoma on histopathological examination. The expressions of various markers including EGR, CD 31, and HHV 8 yielded the final diagnosis of SCH. The markers EGR and HHV 8 have never been used in intraoral SCH before to the best of our knowledge; hence, the present report highlights the use of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of SCH.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

Pseudotumour is a benign inflammatory lesion. Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumour (MSP) is a rare pseudotumour. It is a benign proliferation of spindle-shaped histiocytes containing acidfast mycobacterium, commonly reported in immunocompromised patients. MSP is usually associated with mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Here, we present the case of a 38-year-old gentleman with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented with low-grade fever for 1-month duration. Clinically, he had generalised lymphadenopathy. Chest X-ray showed miliary infiltration in bilateral lung fields. Lymph nodal biopsy showed spindle-shaped histiocytes filled with acid-fast bacilli on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain, suggestive of MSP. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were positive for CD68, S-100 and negative for CD31, which are consistent with MSP. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the biopsy tissue was positive for MTB. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was continued and antitubercular therapy (ATT) was started. The fever resolved within two weeks and there was a resolution of lymph nodal swelling by 6 weeks. The diagnosis of MSP associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) makes our case interesting. It is of utmost importance to differentiate MSP from Kaposi’ s sarcoma (KS) and other pseudotumours and to know whether it is of tubercular or non-tubercular origin, as the treatment is entirely different.

Spindle cell neoplasms are defined as neoplasms that consist of spindle-shaped cells in the histopathology. Spindle cell neoplasms can affect the oral cavity. In the oral cavity, the origin of the spindle cell neoplasms may be traced to epithelial, mesenchymal and odontogenic components. This article aims to review the spindle cell neoplasms of the oral cavity with emphasis on histopathology.

Spindle cell hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor presenting as multifocal red or bluish nodules on the distal limbs. We present a 57-year-oldwoman with five years history of multiple, soft, violaceous nodules on her hands. Pathologic study indicated spindle cell hemangioma.